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Exercise plays a vital role in supporting brain function, mental health, and cognitive abilities. This section explores how movement influences neurological processes that underlie emotional regulation, memory, and trauma recovery. Understanding these brain-based effects helps clinicians appreciate the powerful connection between physical activity and healing.
Neuroscience of exercise: From neurobiology mechanisms to mental health.
Matta Mello Portugal, E., Cevada, T., Sobral Monteiro-Junior, R., Teixeira Guimarães, T., da Cruz Rubini, E., Lattari, E., Blois,C. & Camaz Deslandes, A. (2013). Neuroscience of exercise: From neurobiology mechanisms to mental health. Neuropsychobiology, 68(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1159/000350946
Neuroscience of exercise: Association among neurobiological mechanisms and mental health.
Machado, S., Paes, F., Barbosa Ferreira Rocha, N., Yuan, T. F., Mura, G., Arias-Carrión, O., & Egidio Nardi, A. (2015). Neuroscience of exercise: Association among neurobiological mechanisms and mental health. CNS & Neurological Disorders-Drug Targets, 14(10), 1315-1316. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527315999151119122238
How exercise influences the brain: A neuroscience perspective.
Konopka, L. M. (2015). How exercise influences the brain: A neuroscience perspective. Croatian Medical Journal, 56(2), 169. https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2015.56.169
The role of exercise in management of mental health disorders: An integrative review.
Smith, P. J., & Merwin, R. M. (2021). The role of exercise in management of mental health disorders: An integrative review. Annual Review of Medicine, 72(1), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-060619-022943
The brain and movement: How physical activity affects the brain.
De Giorgio, A., Kuvačić, G., Milić, M., & Padulo, J. (2018). The brain and movement: How physical activity affects the brain. Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 7(2), 63-68. https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.180910
Exercise and mental health: Many reasons to move.
Deslandes, A., Moraes, H., Ferreira, C., Veiga, H., Silveira, H., Mouta, R., Pompeu, F.A.M.S., Coutinho, E.S.F. & Laks, J. (2009). Exercise and mental health: Many reasons to move. Neuropsychobiology, 59(4), 191-198. https://doi.org/10.1159/000223730
Exercising our brains: How physical activity impacts synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus.
Christie, B. R., Eadie, B. D., Kannangara, T. S., Robillard, J. M., Shin, J., & Titterness, A. K. (2008). Exercising our brains: How physical activity impacts synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus. Neuromolecular medicine, 10, 47-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12017-008-8033-2
Physical activity as a model for health neuroscience.
Stillman, C. M., & Erickson, K. I. (2018). Physical activity as a model for health neuroscience. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1428(1), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13669
Association between physical exercise and mental health in 1· 2 million individuals in the USA between 2011 and 2015: A cross-sectional study.
Chekroud, S. R., Gueorguieva, R., Zheutlin, A. B., Paulus, M., Krumholz, H. M., Krystal, J. H., & Chekroud, A. M. (2018). Association between physical exercise and mental health in 1· 2 million individuals in the USA between 2011 and 2015: A cross-sectional study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(9), 739-746. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30227-X
Physical activity, cognitive function, and brain health: What is the role of exercise training in the prevention of dementia?
Gregory, S. M., Parker, B., & Thompson, P. D. (2012). Physical activity, cognitive function, and brain health: What is the role of exercise training in the prevention of dementia? Brain Sciences, 2(4), 684-708. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci2040684
Exercise is brain food: The effects of physical activity on cognitive function.
Ploughman, M. (2008). Exercise is brain food: The effects of physical activity on cognitive function. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 11(3), 236–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518420801997007
Physical exercise and psychological well-being.
Edwards, S. (2006). Physical exercise and psychological well-being. South African Journal of Psychology, 36(2), 357-373. https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630603600209
Physical exercise and health: A review.
Adamu, B., Sani, M. U., & Abdu, A. (2006). Physical exercise and health: A review. Nigerian Journal of Medicine, 15(3), 190-196. https://doi.org/10.4314/njm.v15i3.37214
The effect of exercise on mental health.
Dunn, A. L., & Jewell, J. S. (2010). The effect of exercise on mental health. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 202-207. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181e7d9af
Association between physical exercise and mental health in 1· 2 million individuals in the USA between 2011 and 2015: A cross-sectional study.
Chekroud, S. R., Gueorguieva, R., Zheutlin, A. B., Paulus, M., Krumholz, H. M., Krystal, J. H., & Chekroud, A. M. (2018). Association between physical exercise and mental health in 1· 2 million individuals in the USA between 2011 and 2015: A cross-sectional study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(9), 739-746. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30227-X
Exercise and mental health.
Mikkelsen, K., Stojanovska, L., Polenakovic, M., Bosevski, M., & Apostolopoulos, V. (2017). Exercise and mental health. Maturitas, 106, 48-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.09.003
Title Role of physical activity on mental health and well-being: A review.
Mahindru, A., Patil, P., & Agrawal, V. (2023). Role of physical activity on mental health and well-being: A review. Cureus, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.33475
Physical activity for cognitive and mental health in youth: A systematic review of mechanisms.
Lubans, D., Richards, J., Hillman, C., Faulkner, G., Beauchamp, M., Nilsson, M., & Biddle, S. (2016). Physical activity for cognitive and mental health in youth: A systematic review of mechanisms. Pediatrics, 138(3), e20161642. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1642
Impact of exercise on brain neurochemicals: A comprehensive review.
Bhattacharya, P., Chatterjee, S., & Roy, D. (2023). Impact of exercise on brain neurochemicals: A comprehensive review. Sport Sciences for Health, 19(2), 405-452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-022-01030-y
Effects of physical exercise on central nervous system functions: A review of brain region specific adaptations.
Morgan, J. A., Corrigan, F., & Baune, B. T. (2015). Effects of physical exercise on central nervous system functions: A review of brain region specific adaptations. Journal of molecular psychiatry, 3(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40303-015-0010-8
Physical activity, brain, and cognition.
Erickson, K. I., Hillman, C. H., & Kramer, A. F. (2015). Physical activity, brain, and cognition. Current opinion in behavioral sciences, 4, 27-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.01.005
Mindfulness is foundational to many body-based and movement therapies, including trauma-sensitive yoga, somatic therapies, and even exercise programs designed to support trauma recovery. It cultivates present-moment awareness and helps clients notice bodily sensations, emotions, and thoughts without judgment.
Mindfulness and emotion regulation: Insights from neurobiological, psychological, and clinical studies.
Guendelman, S., Medeiros, S., & Rampes, H. (2017). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: Insights from neurobiological, psychological, and clinical studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 208068. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00220
Mindfulness-based trauma recovery for refugees (MBTR-R): Randomized waitlist-control evidence of efficacy and safety.
Aizik-Reebs, A., Yuval, K., Hadash, Y., Gebreyohans Gebremariam, S., & Bernstein, A. (2021). Mindfulness-based trauma recovery for refugees (MBTR-R): Randomized waitlist-control evidence of efficacy and safety. Clinical Psychological Science, 9(6), 1164-1184. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702621998641
Dispositional mindfulness in trauma recovery: Prospective relations and mediating mechanisms.
Nitzan-Assayag, Y., Aderka, I. M., & Bernstein, A. (2015). Dispositional mindfulness in trauma recovery: Prospective relations and mediating mechanisms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 36, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.07.008
The relevance of mindfulness practice for trauma-exposed disaster researchers.
Eriksen, C., & Ditrich, T. (2015). The relevance of mindfulness practice for trauma-exposed disaster researchers. Emotion, Space and Society, 17, 63-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2015.07.004
A meta-analytic investigation of the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on post traumatic stress.
Hopwood, T. L., & Schutte, N. S. (2017). A meta-analytic investigation of the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on post traumatic stress. Clinical psychology review, 57, 12-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.002
Mindfulness-based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of the treatment literature and neurobiological evidence.
Boyd, J. E., Lanius, R. A., & McKinnon, M. C. (2018). Mindfulness-based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of the treatment literature and neurobiological evidence. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 43(1), 7-25. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.170021
The neuroscience of mindfulness: How mindfulness alters the brain and facilitates emotion regulation.
Wheeler, M. S., Arnkoff, D. B., & Glass, C. R. (2017). The neuroscience of mindfulness: How mindfulness alters the brain and facilitates emotion regulation. Mindfulness, 8, 1471-1487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0742-x
A translational neuroscience perspective on mindfulness meditation as a prevention strategy.
Tang, Y. Y., & Leve, L. D. (2016). A translational neuroscience perspective on mindfulness meditation as a prevention strategy. Translational behavioral medicine, 6(1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-015-0360-x
The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation.
Tang, Y. Y., Hölzel, B. K., & Posner, M. I. (2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(4), 213-225. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3916
Mindfulness and yoga for psychological trauma: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Taylor, J., McLean, L., Korner, A., Stratton, E., & Glozier, N. (2020). Mindfulness and yoga for psychological trauma: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 21(5), 536–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2020.1760167
Neurobiology of trauma and mindfulness for children.
Iacona, J., & Johnson, S. (2018). Neurobiology of trauma and mindfulness for children. Journal of Trauma Nursing, 25(3), 187–191. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTN.0000000000000365
Mindfulness and trauma: Some striking similarities.
Ataria, Y. (2018). Mindfulness and trauma: Some striking similarities. Anthropology of Consciousness, 29(1), 44-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/anoc.12086
The benefits of meditation and mindfulness practices during times of crisis such as COVID-19.
Behan, C. (2020). The benefits of meditation and mindfulness practices during times of crisis such as COVID-19. Irish journal of psychological medicine, 37(4), 256-258. https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2020.38
Brain activity in mindfulness depends on experience: A meta-analysis of fMRI studies.
Falcone, G., & Jerram, M. (2018). Brain activity in mindfulness depends on experience: A meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Mindfulness, 9(5), 1319-1329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0884-5
Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness.
Grecucci, A., Pappaianni, E., Siugzdaite, R., Theuninck, A., & Job, R. (2015). Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness. BioMed research international, 2015(1), 670724. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/670724
Mindfulness interventions in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.
Williston, S. K., Grossman, D., Mori, D. L., & Niles, B. L. (2021). Mindfulness interventions in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 52(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.170021
Mindfulness-based stress reduction for posttraumatic stress disorder among veterans: A randomized clinical trial.
Polusny, M. A., Erbes, C. R., Thuras, P., Moran, A., Lamberty, G. J., Collins, R. C., ... & Lim, K. O. (2015). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for posttraumatic stress disorder among veterans: A randomized clinical trial. Jama, 314(5), 456-465. https://doi.org/doi:10.1001/jama.2015.8361
The efficacy of mindfulness‐based stress reduction intervention 3 for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in patients with PTSD: A meta‐analysis of four randomized controlled trials.
Liu, Q., Zhu, J., & Zhang, W. (2022). The efficacy of mindfulness‐based stress reduction intervention 3 for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in patients with PTSD: A meta‐analysis of four randomized controlled trials. Stress and Health, 38(4), 626-636. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3138
An overview of the research on mindfulness‐based interventions for treating symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review.
Banks, K., Newman, E., & Saleem, J. (2015). An overview of the research on mindfulness‐based interventions for treating symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(10), 935-963. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22200
A pilot study of the effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and brain response to traumatic reminders of combat in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder.
Bremner, J. D., Mishra, S., Campanella, C., Shah, M., Kasher, N., Evans, S., ... & Carmody, J. (2017). A pilot study of the effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and brain response to traumatic reminders of combat in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Frontiers in psychiatry, 8, 157. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00157
Changes in mindfulness and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among veterans enrolled in mindfulness‐based stress reduction.
Stephenson, K. R., Simpson, T. L., Martinez, M. E., & Kearney, D. J. (2017). Changes in mindfulness and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among veterans enrolled in mindfulness‐based stress reduction. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 201-217. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22323